牙和牙槽突损伤
Injuries of Teeth and Alveolar Process
牙体急性损伤（牙震荡、牙脱位、牙折）
Acute Tooth Injury (Tooth Concussion, Tooth Dislocation, Tooth Fracture)
A：定义：较轻外力引起的牙周膜损伤，通常不伴有牙体硬缺损。
A: Definition: Less periodontal ligament damage caused by external forces, usually without hard defects.
B：临床表现：牙伸长感、轻度松动、咬合痛、咀嚼食物疼痛，叩痛，冷热刺激痛，牙髓测试大多有活力，注意定期观察牙髓活力，若活力测试阴性再行牙髓治疗。
B: Clinical manifestations: elongation of teeth, slight loosening, biting pain, pain in chewing food, tapping pain, cold and heat stimulation pain, pulp test is mostly active, pay attention to regular observation of pulp vitality, if the vitality test is negative, then pulp treatment.
C：治疗：通过降低咬合，减轻牙合力负担，大多都可恢复正常。若牙髓坏死则行根管治疗术。
C: Treatment: By reducing occlusion and reducing the burden of occlusal force, most of them can return to normal. If pulp necrosis occurs, root canal therapy is performed.
2.牙体慢性损伤
2. Chronic Tooth Injury
定义：由于单纯机械摩擦作用而造成的牙齿硬组织慢性磨耗称为磨损。如生理性磨损也称为咀嚼磨损。
Definition: Chronic wear of hard tissues of teeth caused by simple mechanical friction is called wear. For example, physiological wear is also called chewing wear.
其他不是由于正常咀嚼过程所致的牙齿磨损，为一种病理现象，统称为非咀嚼磨损
Other tooth wear not caused by normal chewing process is a pathological phenomenon, collectively referred to as non-chewing wear.